Unuhi ʻia e ʻOakaʻōlalimakaalihimoana Wong
Inā nīnau ʻia kēia nīnau i kekahi o nā ʻālapa ma ko ke Kula Kiʻekiʻe ʻo Roosevelt kime pōpeku, ʻano ahuwale mai ana nō ka hapa nui o nā pane.
No ka hoʻokūkū ma lalo o nā kukui ʻālohilohi i mua o ke anaina e kani nui ai ka pihe. No ke alu pū me nā hoa kime. No ke kūpaʻa i hope o ke kula. No ke aloha hoʻi i ka hāʻuki.
No ka 11 o nā ʻālapa, ʻoi aku nō paha ka nohihi o kā lākou pane.
Ma muli ia o ko lākou hele ʻole i Roosevelt ma ke ʻano he haumāna. He mau haumāna hoʻi lākou ma Ke Kula Kaiapuni ʻo Ānue-nue, he kula liʻiliʻi ma Pālolo a he honua kula ia e aʻo piha ʻia ai nā haumāna ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi wale nō. ʻO Ānuenue kekahi o nā kula he 28 e kia ana ma ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻōla hou ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ka ʻōlelo mākuahine o ka lāhui Hawaiʻi i ʻane halapohe i ke 40 wale nō makahiki aku nei.
He kaumaha ke kuleana e ʻauamo ʻia e kēia mau ʻōpio a pēia nā ʻālapa Kaiapuni ʻē aʻe me nā ʻohana a puni ka paeʻāina ma ka noho kūpaʻa ʻana ma ko lākou mau kula hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.
Lilo nā hola he nui ma ke kalaiwa i nā mile he lōʻihi mai ko lākou mau home a i nā kahua kula Kaiapuni. I laʻana, noho he ʻehiku o nā haumāna Ānuenue pāʻani pōpeku ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Oʻahu; haʻalele lākou i ka hale ma mua o ka pukana lā a holo i ka hikina no ka hōʻea i ke kula ma Pālolo, a huli hoʻi i ka ʻaoʻao komohana i ka ʻauinalā no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma Roosevelt, a laila hoʻi lohi loa aku i ka hale ma ka pō.
Eia hou, nui nā ʻālapa Kaiapuni e pāʻani ana no nā kula ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lawa ka nui o nā haumana ma kō lākou mau kula ponoʻī no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kime. ʻAʻole i loaʻa ko Ānuenue kime pōpeku ponoʻī ma hope o ka makahiki 2016.
Mai loko mai o kēia mau ālaina e kupu mai ai nā nīnau no ke kumu e nui ai nā ʻāʻumeʻume ma kēia ala hoʻonaʻauao ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi piha. No ke aha e lawa ʻole ai nā kumu waiwai o kēia mau kula? A, ʻo ka nīnau koʻikoʻi loa nō paha, he aha nā kuleana o nā aupuni pekelala a mokuʻāina ma ka hoʻōla i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e kū ana i ka pono a me nā kānāwai kekahi. ʻOiai he lōʻihi ko lākou kāohi a pepehi ana i ka ʻōlelo no ko lākou pono, he kuleana nō ko ke aupuni i kēia manawa no ka hoʻōla.
No laila, no ke aha e ʻaʻahu ai kēia mau ʻālapa pōpeku Kaiapuni i ka lole makalike o haʻi a hīmeni pū i ko lākou mau mele kula?
Aia ʻo ʻIolani Enoka ma ka papa alakaʻi o Ke Kula Kaiapuni ʻo Ānuenue a he mea laina kūlele ma ko Roosevelt kīme pōpeku. I loko o kona mahalo nui i ka hiki ke pāʻani no Roosevelt, minamina ana ʻo ia i ka hiki ʻole ke ʻaʻahu i ka lole makalike ponoʻī o Ānuenue. Mōakāka leʻa nō hoʻi iā ia ke koʻikoʻi o ke kūpaʻa ma ka hāpai i ka ʻōlelo.
“He koʻikoʻi ka hoʻōla mau ʻana i kā nā kūpuna i aʻo mai ai,” a ua hoʻomau ʻo ia ma ka ʻōlelo, “he koʻikoʻi ko kākou ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ʻana me ka hoʻoili aku i kēia ʻike i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.
“Inā pau ka ʻōlelo, pau ka lāhui.”
Aia ka Mauli Ola Hawaiʻi i Kona ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi Nō
He māhele koʻikoʻi ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi o ka mauli ola lāhui Hawaiʻi. Paʻa ka mōʻaukala a ʻike kuʻuna o kākou ma ia ʻōlelo mai o kikilo mai. ʻO ia ke kaʻā a pili paʻa ai kākou he lāhui kānaka a pēia pū ka pili i ko kākou ʻāina ʻōiwi a me kona mau mea ola a pau loa.
Me ia manaʻo, mai ka manawa i pae ai nā malihini mua i Hawaiʻi, he ʻano kūpale ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ka naʻi a lawe lilo ʻia o ka paeʻāina me kona mau kumuwaiwai e ia mau malihini. Ma ka ʻīkoi o nā kiʻina hoʻokolonaio, ʻo ia ka pani ʻia o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi me ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia. A ʻo ka pōʻaiapili kikoʻī o ia ʻimi pani ʻana, ʻo ia nā lumi papa o Hawaiʻi nei.
Ma ke kekeke mua o ka ʻOihana Kula Aupuni ma lalo o ke Aupuni Mōʻī, ʻo ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ka ʻōlelo mua o ka hoʻonauʻauao ʻana. Ma ka hōʻea naʻe i ka wā o nā 1850, ua hoʻokumu ke Keʻena Hoʻonaʻauao i nā kulekele, he “Hoʻomakakoho ʻŌlelo Pelekānia” ke ʻano, i kipaku ʻia ai ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi mai nā lumi papa aku. ʻO kekahi kumu i puka lanakila ai kēia naʻi ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻolako nui ʻia o ke kālā i nā kula ʻōlelo Pelekānia. He mea ia i ʻume nui ʻia ai nā Hawaiʻi i kēia mau kula ʻōlelo Pelekānia i lako a mākaukau loa.
Ua ahuwale i nā aliʻi o ia wā i ke ʻano e luaahi ana ka ʻōlelo i kēia mau loli. Wahi a Kekūanāoʻa, ka makuakāne o Kameha- meha IV a me Kamehameha V, i ʻōlelo ai ma 1864:
The theory of substituting the English language for the Hawaiian, in order to educate our people, is as dangerous to Hawaiian nationality, as it is useless in promoting the general education of the people … [I]f we wish to preserve the Kingdom of Hawaii for Hawaiians, and to educate our people, we must insist that the Hawaiian language shall be the language of all our National Schools, and the English shall be taught whenever practicable, but only, as an important branch of Hawaiian education.
Inā ua loaʻa he manaʻolana no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia o ke kūlana mana o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao, ua piholo loa iho nō ma ka hoʻokahuli hewa ʻia o ke Aupuni Mōʻī i ka makahiki 1893. Eia naʻe, no ia hui hoʻokāhuli aupuni e kākoʻo nui ʻia ana e nā alakaʻi pāʻoihana o ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole hoʻi i kō koke ko lākou ʻimi ʻana e hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo o ko ʻAmelika ʻAhaʻōlelo e hoʻohui ʻāina aku iā Hawaiʻi.
A no laila hoʻi ko lākou hoʻokumu ʻana i ke Aupuni Lepupalika me ka hoʻomākaukau i ko Hawaiʻi no ka ʻimi i ia hoʻohui ʻāina ʻana me ʻAmelika i kekahi wā. Wahi a Troy Andrade, he polopeka ma ke Kulanui o Hawaiʻi, aia ma ka ʻīkoi o kēia “hōʻamelika ʻana” i ko Hawaiʻi he kānāwai i hāpai ʻia ma 1896 e koi ana ʻo ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo e hoʻonaʻauao ʻia ai nā haumāna ma nā kula ma Hawaiʻi.
Although the law did not, on its face, forbid the use of the Hawaiian language in public schools, the intent of the new legal regime was clear: Hawaiʻi needed to appear more American and the easiest way to do so was to annihilate the Hawaiian language. Those now in power believed that English could be used as a weapon to drive Hawaiians away from their culture, spirituality, and practices, and as a tool to assimilate Hawaiians into “a new era of social development[.]”
He pōʻino maoli nō ka hopena o ia kānāwai. Ma 1880, ua loaʻa he 150 mau kula, i kapa ʻia he mau “Kula Maʻamau,” e aʻo ʻia ai ko Hawaiʻi mau keiki ma o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Ma ka ʻeono wale nō makahiki ma hope o ka puka o ia kānāwai “ʻōlelo Pelekānia wale nō,” ʻaʻole i koe mai kekahi o ia mau kula ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Hoʻopaʻi ʻia nā kamaliʻi Hawaiʻi no ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma ka lumi papa a pēia pū ma ke kahua pāʻani. I ka makahiki 1980, ma lalo o ke 50 ka nui o nā ʻōpio i wali ka ʻōlelo iā lākou. Kākaʻikahi loa nā keiki ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi o ia hanauna. Ua pono nō he huliau koʻikoʻi i mau ke ola o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.
Ola Ka ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi
ʻO ke aukahi hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi kekahi o nā au nui a ikaika i loko o ia Huliau Hawaiʻi o nā 1970, ʻo ka “Hawaiian Renaissance” nō hoʻi. ʻO ia hoʻi ka wā i nui aʻe ai ke kahukahu ʻana i ia ahi pio ʻole o a mauli ola Hawaiʻi. ʻO kekahi keʻehina nui loa o kēia aukahi, ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo pākuʻi kumukānāwai e koi ana i ke aupuni mokuʻāina e hoʻo- kumu a mālama i papahana hoʻonaʻauao ʻike Hawaiʻi ma nā kula aupuni a me ka hoʻokohu ʻia o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo ia kekahi o ko Hawaiʻi mau ʻōlelo kūhelu ʻelua.
I kā wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka Pūnana Leo mua loa, he kula kamaliʻi hoʻoluʻu ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, i ka makahiki 1984, ua mōakāka leʻa i ia mau alakaʻi ke kaʻakālai i pono ai. Inā ua ʻaneʻane halapohe ka ʻōlelo ma ke kāʻili ʻino loa ʻia mai nā lumi papa aku, ua pono e hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia aku nō i kēlā wahi hoʻokahi i mea e hoʻōla hou ai. Puka nā haumāna o ka papa Kaiapuni mua loa mai ke kula kiʻekiʻe aku i ka makahiki 1999.
I kēia mau lā, aia he 3,300 a ʻoi mau haumāna ma nā kula Kaiapuni ma nā moku- puni he ʻeono. Mau nō naʻe ke kū ʻana mai o nā ʻano ālaina koʻikoʻi like ʻole no kēia ʻimi hoʻōla ʻōlelo ma nā kula Kaiapuni.
Ka “Hihia Kaiapuni”
ʻAʻole ʻo ka pau ʻana o ke kau pōpeku 2022 he hopena no ko Enoka wā pāʻani ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe wale nō, akā, ʻo ka pau pū nō ia o kekahi wā ikaika lua ʻole no ka laina kūlele o ia kime. Ua pāʻani kēia huki pōpō a kūkahi, he 6’1” kona lōʻihi a 270 kona mau paona, ma nā pāʻani a pau no nā Rough Riders mai kona makahiki mua ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe.
Ma kekahi mau ʻano, ʻo ko ʻIolani hele kula ʻana, he ala ia i hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua hoʻo- ilina waiwai loa o kona ʻohana. Ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka ʻohana (ʻo ʻĀina ka inoa ʻohana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka makuahine; a ʻo Enkoa ma ka ʻaoʻao makuakāne), he mau ʻohana kūpaʻa ma ke kaiāulu pōpeku o Hawaiʻi. A laila, he mau ʻohana pili pū i ke kaiāulu Hawaiʻi i ʻike kino i ka hopena o ka hoʻokolonaio ʻia o Hawaiʻi. A ʻo ke kāʻili ʻia o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi mai ko lākou moʻokūʻauhau aku i kekahi mau hanauna aku nei kekahi o ia hopena.
Ua kānalua maoli nō nā Enoka i ka hoʻouna i kā lākou muli i kekahi kula i kākaʻikahi loa ka hoʻopuka a lohe ʻia o ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia.
“Ua nui nā mea aʻu e hopohopo ana,” i ʻōlelo maila kō ʻIolani makuakāne, ʻo Clem Enoka. “He maʻamau ka hopohopo a makaʻu o nā mākua Kaiapuni i ka hiki ʻole i kā lākou mau keiki ke ʻōlelo Pelekānia ma ka maikaʻi. E pilikia ana lākou ma ke kula- nui? He hana ʻino anei kēia?”
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana ʻo ʻIolani ma ka papahana Kaiapuni ma ke kula haʻahaʻa o Pūʻōhala, ua wehewehe mōakāka nā kumu iā Clem no ke aʻo ʻia o kāna keiki ma ke ʻano e wali ai ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia a me ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i kāna keiki.
“Ua hua ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli mai nō,” wahi āna. “He laʻana ia o nā ʻōlelo paipai a me ka hana kuʻupau o ko ka papahana e manaʻo ai mākou nā ʻohana, ʻʻae, ua hiki nō!’”
Akā mau nō ia “Hihia Kaiapuni.” Ke piʻi aʻe nā makahiki o nā keiki, piʻi pū ka ʻume ʻia o nā haumāna i nā keupono o nā kula ma waho o ke Kaiapuni. I ka hōʻea o nā haumāna i ke kula waena, hoʻo- maka nā mākua e ʻimi i nā ala hoʻonaʻauao e kākoʻo a hoʻoikaika ana i nā hana ma waho o ke kula, e laʻa me nā haʻuki. Eia hou aku, kuhi hewa nā ʻohana he nui, e ʻoi aku ana ka papaha o ko nā haumāna puka ma ka ʻaoʻao kālaiʻike a pēia pū ma ka hele kula- nui ʻana inā hele i nā kula kūʻokoʻa. Loaʻa pū ka ʻaoʻao maʻalahi o ka hele wale i nā kula o ko lākou moku a kaiāulu ʻoiai ʻoi aku ke kokoke i ka hale a ʻoi aku nā lako a pono o ia mau kula.
Wahi a ka Luna o ko ke Aupuni Keʻena Hoʻonaʻauao Hawaiʻi, ʻo Kauʻi Sang, pā hewa ana nā kula Kaiapuni a pau a puni ka paeʻāina i ka haʻalele ʻana o nā haumāna. Hāpai ʻo ia i kekahi mau ʻikehelu kikoʻī i pili i kēia. Loaʻa he 309 haumāna papa mālaaʻo kula Kaiapuni, akā he 102 wale nō haumāna papa 12. Ma ko ʻIolani Enoka hoʻomaka ma ka papa mālaaʻo ma Ānuenue, he 64 mau haumāna ma kāna papa; e puka ana nō naʻe he 18 wale nō haumāna me ia i kēia makahiki.
Wehewehe ʻo Babā Yim, ke Poʻo Kumu o Ānuenue, no ka pono o kekahi mau ʻohana e koho i ka holomua nui a puka o ke keiki ma ka haʻuki, he ala hoʻi e komo ai i ke kula- nui a maliʻa ka pāʻani ma hope, a i ʻole e kūpaʻa ma ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.
“He nīnūnē nohihi maoli nō ia no nā ʻohana,” wahi āna.
Ua manaʻo nā Enoka e hoʻouna iā ʻIolani i kekahi kula ʻē aʻe, akā ua hopohopo lākou i ka nāwaliwali ʻana mai o kāna ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. A ua maikaʻi pū ka pōʻaiapili o kahi kula liʻiliʻi e like me Ānuenue no ʻIolani.
“ʻOkoʻa loa kēia kula mai nā kula ma waho o ke Kaiapuni,” wahi a ʻIolani. “He ʻohana mākou. Ke kupu mai nā pilikia a hihia paha ma waena o mākou, ʻimi koke mākou i ka hoʻoponopono. Iaʻu, he keu- pono ka liʻiliʻi o ke kula, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka pilina. Hiki ke walaʻau maoli me nā kumu. ʻOiai ua hoʻomaka au ma ke Kaiapuni, makemake au e hoʻomau a puka mai ke Kaiapuni aku.”
E Hoʻoponopono I Kāu I Hoʻopie hoʻoponopono i kāu i hoʻopilikia Ai
I loko o kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa he mau kiʻina kālailai a loiloi i ke kuleana o nā aupuni pekelala a mokuʻāina pū ma ka hāpai i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.
Ma Mei 2022, ua hoʻopuka ko ʻAmelika ʻOihana Kālaiʻāina i kekahi moʻolelo e hōʻoia ana i ko ʻAmelika hoʻohana ʻana i ka pōʻaiapili hoʻonaʻauao, he ala ia e hoʻokemua ʻia ai nā ʻōpio me ka “ʻoki i ka pilina moʻomeheu a pono ola ma waena o nā Nāki ʻIlikini, nā Kaiāulu ʻŌiwi ʻĀlaka, ke Kaiāulu ʻŌiwi Hawaiʻi, a me ko lākou mau ʻāina.” Hōʻoia pū ana ia moʻolelo i ke ʻano o kēia ʻimi ʻana, he “ʻimi me ka maopopo a he māhele ia o kekahi pahuhopu laulā o ke kāʻili ʻāina ʻIlikini no ka hoʻonui ʻana aku iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.” Hōʻike ahuwale pū mai ka ʻOihana Kālaiʻāina no ke kāʻili ʻana aku o ko ʻAmelika i ko Hawaiʻi ʻāina aloha i ka manawa hoʻokahi e paʻa ana nā kulekele kāohi i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Ua hoʻohiki ka ʻOihana i ka ʻimi i nā ala e hoʻoponopono ʻia ai kēia mau hewa me ka hāpai pū i nā kiʻina hoʻōla ʻōlelo ʻōiwi.
I ka makahiki 2019, ua hoʻopuka ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Kiʻekiʻe o Hawaiʻi i kekahi ʻōlelo hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi loa e hōʻoia ana i ko ke Aupuni Mokuʻāina kuleana kumukānāwai ma ka hoʻo- lako i “ala kūpono” no ka hoʻonaʻauao hoʻoluʻu ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Pono he “reasonable access” no ko Hawaiʻi mau ʻohana a pau a puni ka paeʻāina e ʻiʻini ana i kēia ala hoʻonaʻauao no kā lākou mau keiki. Wahi a ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo, ʻo ka papahana Kaiapuni wale nō ke kiʻina ʻoiaʻiʻo e kū nei e hoʻōla ʻia ai ka ʻōlelo. A ʻaʻole ia “ala kūpono” no ke kula Kaiapuni ʻo ke kiʻina pākela loa wale nō i pono e ʻimi ʻia no ka hoʻōla ʻōlelo akā, pono kēlā ma ka liʻiliʻi loa.
Mau ka mōakāka leʻa ʻole oka manaʻo o “ala kūpono.” Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ia hoʻoholo ʻana o ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo, ua wehe ʻia he ʻekolu hou kula Kaiapuni a ke hoʻolālā ʻia nei ka wehe ʻia o hoʻokahi hou i kēia makahiki aʻe. Manaʻo nō naʻe kekahi hapa nui o ke kaiāulu, pono e ʻoi loa aku ko ke aupuni mokuʻāina a pekelala ʻimi ʻana i ka hāpai hou i ka ʻōlelo.
“Ma ke kuanaʻike ʻimi i ka pono, manaʻo ka nui o nā lāhui like ʻole, inā hanaʻino a hōʻeha aku ʻoe iā haʻi, he kuleana kū i ka pono kou e hoʻoponopono aku e like me ka nui i hiki,” wahi a Daylin-Rose Heather, he loio no ka Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation. “Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, na ka hana a ke aupuni i pepehi aku i ka ʻōlelo a no laila, pono ke aupuni e ʻauamo i ka kuleana o ka hoʻōla hou i ka ʻōlelo.”
Wahi a Heather, ʻaʻole kūpono ke loiloi ʻia ko ke aupuni hoʻokō i kona kuleana kākoʻo ʻōlelo ma ke kō o ko pae haʻahaʻa o nā koina, akā, pono e loiloi ʻia ma ka hoʻohālike me ka lako a pono i loaʻa i nā haumāna e aʻo ʻia ma o ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia.
“ʻAʻole kūpono ke pono nā haumana e koho ma waena o ka hele i ke kula Kaiapuni a me ka ʻimi i nā ala haʻuki,” i ʻōlelo mai ʻo ia. “Na wai e ʻole ka haʻaheo i nā ʻohana e hoʻomakakoho ana i ke kula Kaiapuni i loko o ka nui o ka ʻākeʻakeʻa, akā, he kaumaha maoli nō ka nui o ko nā ʻālapa Kaiapuni molia ʻana ma kekahi mau ʻano e ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā haumāna ma nā kula aupuni ʻē aʻe. No nā haumāna e ʻimi ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻia ma ke kula Kaiapuni, ʻaʻole lākou e koho ana ma waena o nā kula Kaiapuni a lākou e makemake ana, akā, e ʻimi ana i ka loaʻa wale nō o ia ala e hoʻonaʻauao ʻia ma kekahi kula Kaiapuni, a me nā pono e holo pū ana, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa.”
No ka ʻohana Enoka, ua kūpono nō ko lākou hana nui i loko o nā ʻāʻumeʻume like ʻole o nā makahiki he 12 o ko ke keiki hoʻonaʻauao Kaiapuni ʻia ʻana.
“Maopopo iā mākou, ʻo ke ala e pili loa ai ke keiki i kona mauli ola, ma o ia o ka ʻōlelo. No laila mākou i manaʻo ai, inā ua loaʻa kekahi mea waiwai loa a mākou e makana aku ai i nā keiki, ʻo ia nō ia pilina me nā kūpuna a me ka ʻāina,” i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Nāmele Enoka, ko ʻIolani makuahine. “Ua loaʻa nō ka makaʻu a hopohopo [ma ka hoʻouna iā ia i ke kula Kaiapuni.] Hauʻoli loa nō naʻe mākou i ka hopena. ʻOiai ma ka papa 12 ʻo ia i kēia manawa, ua ahuwale mai nō ka hua o kona hele ʻana i ke kula Kaiapuni.”
